Introduction
If readers
would like to contribute an article for the Guest Contributor page heading
please contact me, my email address appears on the About Me page heading. The 0nly two things I ask is that the
article should be hill related and importantly I should not end up in court
through its publication! Otherwise the choice of subject matter is down to the
Guest Contributor.
About
the Author; Ronnie Bowron
Ronnie Bowron developed a passion for the mountains
through Scouting where as a Cub Scout over the Easter weekend in 1976 he
visited the Lake District for the first time.
Since then he has walked extensively around the UK, with various trips
to the Alps and Himalaya.
Ten years
ago he decided to have greater objectives to walking the fells and subsequently
completed the Wainwrights and then the Outlying Fells, Birketts, Nuttalls and
Simms. Having completed a round of English and Welsh mountains he
then refocused on the Lake District completing the Synges.
His current
projects revolve around documenting all recognised hills/mountains from any
bagging list in each of the UK’s 15 National Parks. He calls these
“The Definitive Lists©” of the National Parks of the United Kingdom. This has now followed on with selective Areas
of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) such as the North Pennines and the Forest
of Bowland.
In the last few
years he has completed rounds of all 1,040 summits in the Lake District
National Park and all 195 summits within the Yorkshire Dales National Park. His attention then turned to documenting and
climbing all English/Welsh Mountains over 2,000 feet/600 metres on the same
basis as his Definitive Lists, with a completion of the 920th summit
on Tryfan North Top in May 2019 thus becoming the first known person to
complete all the recognised lists for the LDWA Hillwalkers Register 1 since
Frank Yates in 1993.
Current
objectives revolve around completing the English and Welsh Deweys, the 216
summits within the North Pennines AONB and closer to home all 511 summits
within the historic county boundary of Yorkshire.
The
History of Lake District Hill Lists
Many people believe that the
pastime of hill bagging is a relatively recent phenomenon, not so, it dates
back to the earliest hill lists of the Scottish Munros published in 1891 and the Corbett Twenty-Fives for England & Wales published in 1911.
In fact Corbett starts his
article within the Rucksack Club Journal of 1911 introducing the very first
bagging list for England & Wales with: ‘During the last few years there has
arisen among some of the members of the Rucksack Club a new craze or hobby,
which may be looked upon as a special form of the old passion of “peak-bagging” which has long
been known to mountaineers’
The first hill lists were
generally published in Climbing Club journals such as The Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal, The Rucksack Club Journal, The Journal of the Fell and Rock
Climbing Club of the English Lake District and
Wayfarer's Journal.
The English Lake District being by far and
away the most visited National Park has more books written about it and guides
published than any other region of the UK.
As a result there are far more hill lists dedicated to the Lake District
than any other region.
This paper seeks to chronicle the development
of hill lists in the Lake District over the course of the last century or so. Many other lists include Lake District hills
and mountains but this paper will focus on lists dedicated to the geographic
area of the Lake District or including books forming part of a series with a
dedicated Lake District book.
The history of Lake District Hill Lists begins
with: -
Baddeley - 1880
Mountford John Byrde Baddeley (1843–1906)
was a distinguished English guidebook writer of the late 19th and early 20th
century. His guides appeared in the
'Thorough Guide' series, edited by Baddeley and his colleague, Charles Slegg
Ward, and included guides to various parts of the UK. Each guide included "maps by
Bartholomew" and was published by Dulac & Co, London.
His Lake District guide
(entitled Thorough Guide to the English
Lake District, first edition, Dulau & Co, 1880) was particularly highly
thought of. It continued to be revised
and reissued, and remained in print into at least a 26th edition (1978).
The guidebook was largely
text-based, with maps by John Bartholomew.
Compared with later authors, Baddeley's guide was more general, giving
motoring and accommodation advice and low-level walks as well as outline guides
to walks on the fells.
Within the introductory
section of the guidebook amongst lists of Lakes (16 in total), Height of Passes
and Heights of Waterfalls is a list of 44 Mountains in the Lake District
ranging from Scafell Pike at 3,210ft to Loughrigg at 1,101ft.
Blencathra is listed as
Saddleback and The Old Man of Coniston by its original name of Old Man. Interestingly Black Combe is listed within
the total of 44, yet Wainwright relegated it to an Outlying Fell.
Baddeley was born in
Rocester, Staffordshire in 1843, and the son of a solicitor. He was educated at King Edwards School,
Birmingham and Clare College, Cambridge.
He then worked as a classics master at Somersetshire College, Bath and
Sheffield Grammar School (1880-1884) before retiring from teaching and moving
to the Lake District, first to Windermere and then Bowness-on-Windermere. As well as writing guide books, he was an
active member of the Lake District Association.
Baddeley is commemorated by
the 'Baddeley clock' on the border between Windermere and Bowness.
Graham – 1932
The Bob Graham Round
is strictly a fell running challenge in the English Lake District. It is named after Bob Graham (1889–1966), a
Keswick guest-house owner, who in June 1932 broke the Lakeland Fell record by
traversing 42 fells within a 24-hour period.
Traversing the 42 fells, starting and finishing at Keswick Moot Hall,
involves 66 miles (106 km) with 26,900 feet (8,200 m) of ascent.
The original challenge was to
bag the greatest number of summits within a 24 hour period which remains The
Lakeland 24 hour record but the Bob Graham Round is now a set list with Fastest
Known Times.
The development of
progressively lengthier and more competitive rounds of the Lakeland fells
appeared in the fell-walking section of M. J. B. Baddeley's Lakeland guidebook
editions.
The Round was first repeated,
in a better time, in 1960 by Alan Heaton.
Since then over 2000 individuals have completed the Round with the
fastest time being 12 hours 52 minutes set by Kilian Jornet in 2018, surpassing
by more than an hour Billy Bland's record which had stood for 36 years, the
women's record is 15 hours 24 minutes set by Jasmin Paris in 2016.
The Lakeland 24 hour record has
also been improved with the current holder, Mark Hartell, successfully reaching
77 summits in the allotted time.
Bob Graham's original round
included four tops that are not in what is now called the Bob Graham
Round. These are:
·
High White Stones (north of High Raise)
·
Hanging Knotts (a subsidiary summit of Bowfell)
·
Looking Stead (on the ridge between Pillar and
Black Sail Pass)
·
High Snab Bank (on the ridge to the north of
Robinson)
Alan Heaton replaced these
with:
·
White Side
·
Helvellyn Lower Man
·
Ill Crag
·
Broad Crag
Whilst we are on the Bob Graham
Round it would be remiss not to mention the double round fastest known time. A
double round is two rounds (132 miles and 54,000 feet of ascent) on consecutive
days. This has been achieved four times
with the record held by Nicky Spinks at 45 hours 30 minutes in May 2016. Only very rarely in any sport does the
women’s record exceed the men’s record, a truly outstanding feat.
Simpson – 1937.
The next list was first published in a
mountaineering club journal – The Wayfarers Club was founded in 1906 in
Liverpool and continues to this day, whilst a national club it still has a
strong base of members from Merseyside and the North West. Little is known about Simpson but he was also
a member of the Fell & Rock Climbing Club of the English Lake District, in
its 50th journal published in 1956 he is listed as “Custodian of the
Latern Slides” between 1936 and 1956 and wrote the first article in this
anniversary journal “The First Fifty Years” (pp 233-263), a worthy read of the
history of this esteemed club and the Lake District.
Simpson was the first person to use the
coloured Popular Edition of the Ordnance Survey map. This was the first map series to use 50 foot
contours. Simpson identified 225 summits
within the Lake District over 2,000 foot in height with at least one full
contour circle.
The detailed research by Simpson was followed
up by Ted Moss by producing the equivalent list for the rest of England in 1939
and for Wales in 1940 with further additions post the Second World War in 1952
and 1954. Combining the Simpson and Moss
lists together one had the first comprehensive list of mountains in England
& Wales over 2,000 feet in height.
The 1952 update by Ted Moss in the Rucksack
Club Journal included one additional summit in the Lake District – Lad Stones
(now known as Lad Stones North Top) following the identification of a 2,100+
contour ring – included in lists as a Moss summit but more correctly should be
the 226th Simpson summit.
Wainwright – 1955, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1966
One name above all others has become
associated with walking in the Lake District: A. Wainwright, whose seven-volume
Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells,
first published in 1955–66, has become the definitive guidebook. Wainwright’s meticulously hand-drawn maps,
diagrams and drawings take you up the 214 principal hills and mountains of the
Lake District, describing the main routes of ascent from different starting
points, as well as lesser-known variants, showing the summit viewpoint panoramas
and the ridge routes that can be made to create longer walks.
In 1955 the first of seven volumes of A.
Wainwright’s A Pictorial Guide to the
Lakeland Fells was published by Henry Marshall of Kentmere. Book 1 The
Eastern Fells introduced the format of a chapter on each of the 35 fells
identified by Wainwright in the area.
I’m pretty certain that Wainwright himself
never intended his Pictorial Guides to result in a hill bagging list of 214
summits (there is no overall list or index for the fells) and his identified
fells is purely a subjective list of his own personal highlights within
Lakeland – there is no set height or prominence criteria used.
Wainwright’s Pictorial Guide work was
completed in 1966 with the publication of Book 7 The Western Fells and his final summit of Starling Dodd.
Between 2005 and 2009 a Second Edition was
published with a comprehensive programme of revision by Chris Jesty.
A Third Edition is now in course of
publication with a sub title of Walkers
Edition. Thus time the task of
updating Wainwright’s work has fallen to Clive Hutchby. Books 1-6 have now been published in this
Walkers Edition with Book 7 due out in June 2020.
Poucher – 1960
William Arthur Poucher (1891–1988), known as
Walter, a nickname he acquired during his army service, was one of the leading
British mountain photographers and guidebook writers during and following World
War II. He personally explored and
photographed all the routes he describes in his famous mountain guides, so that
users could be assured of correct directions.
He joined the Royal Photographic Society in 1940 achieving Associateship
in 1941 and Fellowship (FRPS). He was
awarded Honorary Fellowship in 1975.
His guides followed those of the Abraham
brothers in being exhaustively illustrated with the author's own photographs
(usually in black and white).
Each guide includes a list of the principal
peaks of the region and the relevant guidebook is The Lakeland Peaks (1960).
With no defined criteria it lists 116 peaks in Lakeland.
The guide is spilt into geographic groups with
route descriptions for each summit. His
habit of drawing the route of ascent in white on the photograph was helpful for
route-finding. Landmarks are important
for route-finding, especially where paths are indistinct, and he advises on
important features to look for on the paths he describes including cairns,
standing stones, bothies, distinctive rock formations, panoramas, views and
natural features such as cascades and waterfalls.
Poucher’s photographs adorn many others’
guidebooks as well as his own such was the quality of his photography.
Wainwright
Outlying Fells – 1974
The Outlying
Fells of Lakeland is a follow up book written by Alfred Wainwright, dealing
with hills in and around the edge of the Lake District.
It differs from the Pictorial Guides in that
each of its 56 chapters describes a walk, sometimes taking in several summits,
rather than a single fell. This has
caused some confusion on the part of authors attempting to prepare a definitive
list of peaks. The Outlying Fells do not
form part of the 214 hills generally accepted as making up the Wainwrights, but
they are included in Category 2B of the Hill Walkers Register maintained by the
Long Distance Walkers Association.
The list at the back of Wainwright's book
contains 110 named fells and summits.
Close inspection shows seven of them to refer to other hills in the
list, while Newton Fell has two summits.
The addition of the 12 nameless summits brings the number of
Wainwright's Outlying Fells to what is now the generally accepted total of 116.
Griffin - 1978
In his introduction to his book ‘Freeman of the hills’ Griffin describes
Lakeland as “A magical wonderland of beauty and adventure that will always be
there”. So true.
This book describes Griffin’s summer of 1977
where he decided, at the age of 66, to bag all the mountains of the Lake
District within a target three month period.
He actually achieved it with 27 walking days finishing on Pillar Rock.
Griffin lists all 203 summits over 2,000 feet
in an Appendix. This list was derived
from Francis Falkingham’s list of the 349 English Two Thousands published in
the 1966 Journal of the Gritstone Club (see also Fryer 1984 below).
This book was written in the period of the
UK’s transition from imperial to metric and whilst he still used imperial maps
his introduction mused as to what would define an English mountain once mapping
was converted to metric. He correctly
predicted that 600 metres would become the new threshold between a hill and a
mountain.
The introduction also described at length the
ethos of exploring every nook and cranny of the mountains including a challenge
to traverse the Lake District East/West along the 09 grid which he believed to
be the only grid that avoided tarns and lakes.
Arthur Harry Griffin (15 January 1911 – 9 July
2004), usually known in print as A. Harry Griffin, was a British journalist and
mountaineer. He is particularly
remembered for his writing of rock-climbing in the Lake District in the
inter-war years, especially a group called 'The Coniston Tigers'; for his
long-running 'Lakeland Diary' column in The Guardian (spanning a period of 53
years); and for having inspired, via these columns, and an article in the
Lancashire Evening Post, the rebirth of interest in the Bob Graham Round.
Harry was born in Barrow-in-Furness at the
south-west corner of the Lake District.
His father ran a decorating firm, and Harry was educated at the local
grammar school. By the age of 17 he was
a cub reporter on the Barrow Guardian. Inevitably,
he soon gravitated to the hills. His
first was Black Combe.
His wartime service was as an intelligence
officer. After the war he returned and
lived in Kendal.
He was friends with Alfred Wainwright but
somewhat disapproved of the damage to the fells that the popularity of
Wainwright's guides could cause.
Book after book was to follow in celebration
of his home hills. In 1961 came Inside
The Real Lakeland. Two years later, In
Mountain Lakeland, then Pageant Of Lakeland (1966), The Roof Of England (1968),
Still the Real Lakeland (1970), Long Days In The Hills (1974), A Lakeland
Notebook (1975), A Year In The Fells (1976), Freeman Of The Hills (1978),
Discovering Lakeland (A Motorist's Guide) and Adventuring In Lakeland (1980), A
Lakeland Mountain Diary (1990) and The Coniston Tigers (1999).
The Map of Lakeland in ‘Freeman of the
hills’ detailing all the 203 Mountains was a sketch map by one A.
Wainwright.
Mulholland – 1983
These are part of a series of three
self-published books by H Mulholland on Lakeland, Wales and Ireland. Very similar to the Furth Munros listing all
summits over 3,000 feet with 8 in England and 15 in Wales.
Within the introductory commentary Mulholland
notes “…Munro never laid down a firm basis of defining a peak. A close study of the tables together with the
one inch to the mile map suggests generally a drop of 300 feet in all
directions for a Peak and 50 feet in all directions for a Top; with these
definitions…England [has] eight Tops”.
In addition to the usual four 3,000 feet
Peaks, the four Tops are Broad Crag, Ill Crag, Symonds Knott and Helvellyn
Lower Man.
These are guidebooks with general information,
detailed multiple route descriptions and maps for each summit.
Fryer – 1984
This is an unusual book by J.K. Fryer in that
it is in the form of a challenge which he called All but One by ‘doing the tops’ as he described it, of all 202 Lake
District summits over 2,000 feet in height.
He was given a list of 203 tops including
Pillar Rock which he excluded from the challenge as it is a rock climb. I have it on good authority that the list in
question was taken from the Falkingham (1966) list and the 203 summits in the
Lake District do exactly match each other.
The book is spilt into 26 day routes each with
a detailed step by step route description and map.
Marsh/ sub-Marsh – 1987
Part of a set of four guides by Terry Marsh; The Lake Mountains in two volumes first
published in 1987, The Mountains of Wales
and the Pennine Mountains.
The first guide books to use a metric criteria
of 600 metres in height and a minimum of 30 metres of re-ascent, [but]
including summits of sufficient topographical merit with less re-ascent. Also included an appendix of all other named
summits over 600 metres with less than 30 metres re-ascent (sub-Marsh).
Marsh’ research was based on 1:10,000 mapping
conducted at the Ordnance Survey offices in Southampton.
There are route descriptions for each mountain
with photos by the author.
Synge – 1995
Synge's Lakeland summits - hills from the book
The Lakeland Summits by Tim Synge,
covers the whole of the Lake District National Park based on a height criteria
of 300 metres plus and no drop definition.
This is the largest individual hill bagging list for the Lake District
with 647 summits.
This book is principally a reference guide,
his Tables splits the summits between Separate Fells which have greater than 30
metre drop and Tops with less than 30 metre drop. All are separately ranked by height order.
Note: this list is yet to be updated for the
expansion of the National Park in August 2016.
Drews – 1996
An excellent hard back guidebook entitled The Lakeland One Hundred by John Drews
describing 21 circular routes which encompass the 100 highest peaks in the Lake
District.
To arrive at his highest peaks Drews consulted
with the National Park Authority, The Royal Geographical Society and The
British Mountaineering Council to conclude “that there was only one accepted
ruling” that a peak must be 610 metres (2,000ft) or more above mean sea level,
and have an ascent of at least 15 metres.
He therefore compiled his list from John and Ann Nuttall’s work on the
English mountains. I’m sure others in
the bagging community would have alternative views on his conclusion.
There is a chapter for each of the 21 routes
which were derived from his rules: each route returning to the starting point, avoiding
backtracking as far as possible (only 5 miles out of 178 total miles) and
avoiding overlapping routes.
John Drews was born and raised in Clitheroe in
the Ribble Valley. By trade he was a
motor vehicle repairer, bar manager and rock concert promoter! But his first love was mountains and tarns. He is also the author of Lakeland High
Tarns.
An interesting footnote to his listing is a
summit by the name of Flesk at an altitude of 834 metres (2,736ft). On further investigation this is nowadays
commonly known as Crinkle Crags South Top (First Crinkle). Referring back to the OS Six-Inch mapping
from the late 1800’s this is indeed its correct name. I think we need a campaign to bring back the
name of Flesk for this summit.
FRCC- 1996 [under
Parker, J. & Pickles, T.]
Hills from the book The Lakeland Fells published by the Fell and Rock Climbing Club of
the English Lake District in 1996, edited by June Parker and Tim Pickles, which
seeks to identify all fells over 300 metres in height, with public access and
lying within the Lake District National Park.
The list includes all 214 Wainwrights, several
additional low prominence high peaks, and all LDNP summits over 300m in height
and P80m. The fells over 610m in height
the effective cut-off is P40m, with all but 11 of the 114 LDNP Hewitts anticipated
(610m / P30m, published 1997), and 123 of the 171 LDNP Nuttalls (610m / P15m,
published 1990) included. Castle Crag
included by exception as less than 300 metres in height.
Includes 17 of the Wainwright Outlying Fells.
Includes 139 route descriptions to bag all 244
summits.
Note: this list is yet to be updated for the
expansion of the National Park in August 2016.
Birkett – 1998
A hill is classified as a Birkett if it is one
of the 541 Lake District fells described in Bill Birkett's book Complete Lakeland Fells. This book, first published in 1994, describes
129 walks taking in every hill over 1000 feet in height. There is no drop definition.
This book is the most comprehensive and
detailed route reference work on the Lakeland fells. The region is divided into six geographic
areas with 129 circular walks and superbly supported by over 200 colour photos.
The Long Distance Walkers Association
maintains a register of people who have completed the Birketts. One of Birkett's peaks, Pillar Rock, which is
also classed as a Nuttall, but not a Wainwright, requires climbing ropes and
equipment to summit.
Thomas William Birkett, but only ever called
by his middle name, as per family tradition, which was always ‘Billy’ was born
in May 1952 in the Lake District. His
father was a quarryman and his mother let out half their house and cottage and
also did Bed & Breakfast for holiday visitors. Birkett grew up in Little Langdale in the
heart of the Lake District.
Bill Birkett describes himself as a rock
climber, author and photographer. Part
of the famous Birkett family of rock climbers.
Bill Birkett is one of Britain’s foremost mountain writers and
photographers and a leading climber and hill walker, and a former civil
engineer; he has spent a lifetime exploring the hills and wild places of the
world.
His photography illustrates numerous
publications and his own books include the best-selling Complete Lakeland Fells and Great
British Ridge Walks, Classic Treks of
the World and his recent definitive guidebooks Exploring The Lakes and Low Fells (Vols 1 and 2).
Fellranger – 2008, 2008,
2009, 2009, 2011, 2011, 2012, 2013 [under Richards, M.]
There are 227 Lakeland fells described by Mark
Richards in his 8-volume Lakeland
Fellranger series, published by Cicerone.
As of 2019 the list of Fellranger summits now stands at 230, (previously
227 fells) while the traditional Wainwrights list features 214 fell
summits. While most of these are also
included within the Fellranger list, some minor Wainwright hills have been
discounted, while others found within the broader Lake District region have
been included.
The three additional fells now comprising the
230 Fellranger's summits are:
·
Winterscleugh (Bretherdale Common) - 471m/1545ft
·
Whinfell Beacon - 494m/1620ft
·
Grayrigg Forest - 494m/1621ft
The Lakeland
Fellranger guides provide a comprehensive guide to the fells of the English
Lake District. Divided into regions,
expanding on Wainwright's method of classifying the Lake District, each book
provides a dedicated chapter covering each fell with a variety of routes.
Mark Richards' transition from full-time
farmer to full-time outdoor writer has been a gradual one. In 1973, with the direct encouragement of
Alfred Wainwright, he wrote his first walking guide to the Cotswold Way, after
moving to Cumbria and many years of dedicated research, completed his Lakeland Fellranger series in 2013.
The Fellranger
Series is now being superseded by Walking
the Lake District Fells, which sees the volumes updated and trimmed to a
more practical size. In doing so
Richards has added three extra fells in the south east extension area of the
Lake District National Park taking the overall total to 230.
LaMPs
Lakeland Minor Prominences Summits within the Lake District National Park with less
than 30m prominence and height generally exceeding 300 metres
and considered to have sufficient topographical merit. This list was the original idea from Rob
Woodall and Phil Cooper arising out of Birkett’s and Synge’s lists.
In addition to
height and prominence criteria, there must be some other feature of
geographical and/or historic merit. This
may include:
• Good viewpoints
• Monuments/Memorials
• Large cairns (especially if marked on
OS maps)
• Historical features - tumulus, hill
fort etc
• Impressive crags or other natural
features
• End of ridges - lower than tops but
better views maybe
• Distinctive point i.e. if there are a
number of similarly prominent bumps, none (or just one if it has merit) should
qualify
Full details
available on the Haroldstreet website:
Relative Wainwrights – 2011 [under
Jackson, M.]
Mark Jackson's list of the Tumps (p30) of the
Lake District over 1000ft in height as described in the LDWA's Hillwalkers'
Register Annual Report 2011.
The Relative
Wainwrights sees around 56 of Wainwright's peaks deleted from the list as
having less than 30m drop and the promotion of around 59 new peaks (Tumps) with
over 30m drop and above 1000 feet in height that never made Wainwrights
original list. There are only two of the
new additions that don't feature as either Birketts or Synges, namely; Oakhowe
Crag (417m) and High Rigg SE Top (339m).
Full details available on the Haroldstreet
website:
The 1,040 Lake District Summits - The
Definitive List © - 2018
A comprehensive listing of all summits within
the Lake District National Park boundary, Part of the Definitive List Series of
each National Park of the UK and selected Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty
created and published by Ronnie Bowron.
The Definitive Lists provide a hill bagging
challenge for those who prefer to concentrate their bagging within the best
landscapes of the UK.
To be included in The Definitive List a summit
needs to appear on any recognised hill bagging list. As such to appear within a Definitive List
series there are no topographic criteria and it is important to note that this
is an active list so will change as and when summits are added to other lists.
The Definitive List list is available at:
or
Bibliography
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Drews, John 1996, The
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Publishing Company Ltd, Clapham. ISBN 0
85206 767 4.
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7222 2.
Jackson, M. 2011,
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Wainwright, A.
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The Central Fells, Henry
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Wainwright, A.
1960, A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells book 4
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The Northern Fells, Henry
Marshall, Kentmere.
Wainwright, A.
1964, A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells book 6
The North Western Fells, Westmorland
Gazette, Kendal.
Wainwright, A.
1966, A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells book 7
The Western Fells, Westmorland
Gazette, Kendal.
Wainwright, A.
1974, The Outlying Fells of Lakeland, Westmorland Gazette, Kendal.
