Myrddyn Phillips - Mapping Mountains: Mapping Mountains – Significant Name Changes

Saturday 24 February 2018

Mapping Mountains – Significant Name Changes – The Fours - The 400m Hills of England

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England – Significant Name Changes

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England are the English hills at and above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop. Accompanying the main P30 list are three sub lists; these are the 400m Sub-Four, 390m Sub-Four and 390m Double Sub-Four category’s, with their criteria detailed in the respective Change Registers that are linked in the above titles, with the Introduction to this list being published on Mapping Mountains on the 22^nd December 2013.

The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the posts that have appeared on Mapping Mountains detailing the significant name changes to the main P30 list and the sub lists appear below presented chronologically in receding order.

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Booth Top (SK 054 680) - 35th significant name change

Summit Relocations post for Booth Top

Survey post for Booth Top

There has been a Significant Name Change to a hill that is listed in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England, with the summit height, col height, and their locations, the drop and status of the hill derived from LIDAR analysis conducted by Myrddyn Phillips.

Booth Top (SK 054 680)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England – English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list of The Fours are three categories of sub hills, with this hill being classified in the 400m Sub-Fours. The criteria for 400m Sub-Four status are all English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 20m or more and below 30m of drop.

This list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams, with the 1^st edition of the list having been published by Europeaklist in December 2013 and by Haroldstreet in January 2014, with the 2^nd edition of the list published by Mapping Mountains Publications and by Haroldstreet on the 24^th April 2018.

The hill is situated in the Peak District and is placed in Region 36, The Southern Pennines, with its Cardinal Hill being Axe Edge (SK 035 706). The hill is positioned with the A53 road to its west and the B5053 road to its east and has the town of Buxton to the north.

When this list was originally compiled this hill appeared under the name of Brand End and this was also the name it appeared as when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database. Subsequently the hill was listed under the point (Pt. 407m) notation in the 1^st edition of The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

Percy Mycock

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Booth Top and this was derived from local enquiry.

The full details for the hill are:

Cardinal Hill: Axe Edge

Name: Booth Top

Previously Listed Name: Brand End and latterly Pt. 407m

OS 1:50,000 map: 119

Summit Height: 407.6m (LIDAR)

Summit Grid Reference: SK 05481 68091 (LIDAR)

Col Height: 379.1m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SK 05720 68021 (LIDAR)

Drop: 28.6m (LIDAR)

For details on the survey of Booth Top

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (September 2019)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Ashcombe Hill (SS 782 407) - 34th significant name change

There has been a Significant Name Change to a hill that is listed in the The Fours – The 400m Hills of England, with the summit height, col height and their locations, the drop and status of the hill derived from LIDAR analysis initially conducted by Aled Williams and subsequently by Myrddyn Phillips.

LIDAR image of Ashcombe Hill (SS 782 407)

The criteria for the list that this significant name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills, with this hill included in the 400m Sub-Four category, the criteria for which are all English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 20m or more and below 30m of drop. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Dunkery Beacon group of hills, which are situated in Exmoor in the county of Somerset, and is positioned with the B3223 road to its west and the B3224 road to its south, and has the small community of Simonsbath towards the south-west.

This hill was not included when the listing that is now known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled as it did not meet the criteria then used for the Hills to be surveyed sub list, and therefore it was not included when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database.

When the 1^st edition of The Fours was published by Europeaklist in December 2013 this hill appeared under the name of Little Ashcombe, which is a prominent name that appears just below the summit of this hill on the contemporary Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 Landranger and 1:25,000 Explorer map.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

Since the original publication of this list there have been a number of maps made available online. Some of these are historic such as the series of Six-Inch maps on the National Library of Scotland website. Whilst others were digitally updated such as the Ordnance Survey Vector Map Local that was hosted on the Geograph website and which was entitled the Interactive Coverage Map, whilst others are current and digitally updated such as the interactive mapping on the Magic Maps and WalkLakes websites. One of the historic maps now available online is the Ordnance Survey One-Inch ‘Old Series’ map, and it is this map that forms the basis for the change in the listed name of this hill.

The One-Inch ‘Old Series’ map was the first map that Ordnance Survey produced, and their publication culminated from the whole of Britain being surveyed between 1791 and 1874 and the detail gathered therein produced at a scale of one inch to the mile and published in sheet format between 1805 and 1874. The One-Inch ‘Old Series’ maps for the whole of England are now available online; they are also available in map format as enlarged and re-projected versions to match the scale and dimensions of the Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 Landranger series and are published by Cassini. This series of maps form another important part in the study of upland place-names and bridge the timeframe leading up to the production of the Ordnance Survey base map of the Six-Inch series, and importantly for this hill and its listed name, it is this map that places the name Ashcombe Hill just below the summit of this hill and this is considered more appropriate for the hill rather than that of Little Ashcombe.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey One-Inch 'Old Series' map

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Ashcombe Hill and this was derived from the Ordnance Survey One-Inch 'Old Series' map.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Dunkery Beacon

Name: Ashcombe Hill

Previously Listed Name: Little Ashcombe

OS 1:50,000 map: 180

Summit Height: 457.4m (LIDAR)

Summit Grid Reference: SS 78281 40707 (LIDAR)

Col Height: 435.3m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SS 76942 40842 (LIDAR)

Drop: 22.0m (LIDAR)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (April 2019)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

AS LATEST LIDAR ANALYSIS GIVES WOOD BARROW AS HIGHER THAN CHAPMAN BARROWS THE QUALIFYING HILL IS NOW LISTED AS WOOD BARROW (SS 716 425)

Chapman Barrows (SS 700 434) - 33rd significant name change

Summit Relocations post for Chapman Barrows

LIDAR image of Chapman Barrows (SS 700 434) and Wood Barrow (SS 716 425)

The criteria for the list that this summit relocation applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills, with this hill being included in the 400m Sub-Four category, the criteria for which are all English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 20m or more and below 30m of drop. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Dunkery Beacon group of hills, which are situated in the counties of Somerset and Devon, and it is positioned with the A39 road to its north-west and the B3358 road to its south, and has the small community of Parracombe towards the west north-west.

This hill was not included when the listing that is now known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of Engalnd was originally compiled, as it did not meet the criteria then used for the Hills to be surveyed sub list, and therefore it was not included when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database.

When the 1^st edition of the The Fours was published by Europeaklist in December 2013, the qualifying 400m Sub-Four hill was listed as Wood Barrow (SS 716 425) with 22m of drop, based on the 480m summit spot height that appears on the contemporary Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 Landranger and 1:25,000 Explorer map and a 458m col height, based on the spot height that appears on the contemporary Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map, with an accompanying note stating:

Although Chapman Barrows at SS 700 434 has a 480m map height, it is not listed as a twin Sub-Four as its 480.093m flush bracket height means ground at the base of the trig pillar will be below 480m.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

However, it was not until LIDAR became available that the details for the summit of this hill could be accurately re-assessed. The LIDAR (Light Detection & Ranging) technique produced highly accurate height data that is now freely available for much of England and Wales.

LIDAR analysis gives the higher summit to Chapman Barrows positioned at SS 70003 43472, therefore this is a significant name change based on the qualifying summit having been relocated from the originally listed summit of Wood Barrow.

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Chapman Barrows and this was instigated from a summit relocation.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Dunkery Beacon

Name: Chapman Barrows

Previously Listed Name: Wood Barrow

OS 1:50,000 map: 180

Summit Height: 479.8m (LIDAR)

Summit Grid Reference: SS 70003 43472 (LIDAR)

Col Height: 457.4m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SS 72610 42583 (LIDAR)

Drop: 22.4m (LIDAR)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (April 2019)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Exford South Common (SS 808 374) - 32nd significant name change

Summit Relocations post for Exford South Common

LIDAR image of Exford South Common (SS 808 374)

The criteria for the list that this summit relocation applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills; the 400m Sub-Fours, the 390m Sub-Fours and the 390m Double Sub-Fours. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Dunkery Beacon group of hills, which are situated in Exmoor in the county of Somerset, and it is positioned with the B3224 road to its north and minor roads to its west and east, and has the villages of Simonsbath to the west north-west and Exford to the east north-east.

When the listing that is now known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled this hill appeared under the transposed and invented name of Thornehead Hill [typo; Thornemead Hill], and this was also the name the hill appeared as when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database. Subsequently the hill was listed under the point (Pt. 412m) notation in the 1^st edition of The Fours when published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

During my early hill listing I thought it appropriate to either invent a name for a hill, or use a name that appeared near to the summit of the hill on Ordnance Survey maps of the day. My preference was to use farm names and put the word Top or Hill after the name. This is not a practice that I now advocate as with time and inclination place-name data can be improved either by asking local people or by examining historic documents, through this form of research an appropriate name for the hill can usually be found.

As the summit of this hill comprises bounded land the details for it were examined on the Tithe map. The term Tithe map is generally given to a map of a Welsh or English parish or township and which was prepared after the 1836 Tithe Commutation Act. This act allowed tithes to be paid in cash rather than goods. The Tithe maps gave names of owners and occupiers of land in each parish and importantly for place-name research they also included the name of enclosed land. This enclosed land is usually based on a field system, however not every field is given a name, but many are and these are documented in the apportionments that accompany the Tithe map.

The enclosed land where the summit of this hill is situated is given a number on the Tithe map, this can be cross referenced against the apportionments; it is these apportionments that give the name of the owner or occupier of the land as well as the name of the land. The land where the summit of this hill is situated is named Exford South Common on the Tithe map.

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Exford South Common and this was derived from the 1840 Exford Tithe map.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Dunkery Beacon

Name: Exford South Common

Previously Listed Name: Pt. 412m (originally listed as Thornemead Hill)

OS 1:50,000 map: 181

Summit Height: 411.6m (LIDAR)

Summit Grid Reference: SS 80892 37483 (LIDAR)

Col Height: 377.2m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SS 80338 38959 (LIDAR)

Drop: 34.4m (LIDAR)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (October 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Penn Moor (SX 602 645) - 31st significant name change

There has been a Significant Name Change to a hill that is listed in the The Fours – The 400m Hills of England, with the summit height, col height and their locations, the drop and status of the hill derived from subsequent LIDAR analysis conducted by Myrddyn Phillips.

LIDAR image of Penn Moor (SX 602 645)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills, these are the 400m Sub-Fours, the 390m Sub-Fours and the 390m Double Sub-Fours. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Ryder's Hill group of hills, which are situated in Dartmoor in the south-west of the country, and it is positioned with a minor road to its west and south, and the B3417 road to its south-west, and has the port city of Plymouth towards the south-west.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps

When the listing that is now known as The Fours – The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled by Myrddyn Phillips this hill appeared under the name of Penn Moor; which is a prominent name that appears to the south of the summit on the Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps and to the south-east of the summit on the contemporary Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map, and this was also the name the hill appeared as when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database, with the caveat that it included a name in brackets; Pen Moor (Langcombe Hill).

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

When the 1^st edition of the The Fours now co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams was published by Europeaklist in December 2013 the listed name of this hill was given as Lee Moor, which is a prominent name that appears on a variety of Ordnance Survey maps to the west of its summit.

However, when the 2^nd edition of The Fours – The 400m Hills of England was published by Mapping Mountains Publications in April 2018, the listed name of this hill was reverted back to Penn Moor.

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Penn Moor and this was derived from studying contemporary and historic Ordnance Survey maps.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Ryder’s Hill

Name: Penn Moor

Previously Listed Name: Lee Moor

OS 1:50,000 map: 202

Summit Height: 493.0m (LIDAR)

Summit Grid Reference: SX 60297 64596 (LIDAR)

Col Height: 451.6m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SX 61825 66697 (LIDAR)

Drop: 41.4m (LIDAR)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (September 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Cefn Fron Hill (SO 165 838) - 30th significant name change

Summit Relocations post for Cefn Fron Hill

LIDAR image of Cefn Fron Hill (SO 165 838)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills, with this hill classified in the 400m Sub-Four category, the criteria for which are all English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 20m or more and below 30m of drop. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Cilfaesty group of hills, which are situated in the Welsh borders, and it is positioned with the B4368 road to its north and the B4355 road to its south, and has the small community of Felindre towards the south and the town of Trefyclo (Knighton) towards the south-east.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 Landranger map

When the 1^st edition of The Fours was published by Europeaklist in December 2013, this hill was listed as Cefn Vron Hill, which is the name composition that appears on the contemporary Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 Landranger and 1:25,000 Explorer map.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

The intricacies of language and prioritising one in favour of another for listing a hill is fraught with complication, with originating Cymraeg names being anglicised and also originating English names being cymricised, examples such as these are more common in border country and especially so for anglicised forms. There is no steadfast rule that fits all, but as a standard a name that has its origins in the Welsh language and where this is substantiated by either historic documentation and/or contemporary usage should be prioritised in favour of a contemporary anglicised or English version of the name.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 historical map

Therefore, the composition of the name this hill is now listed by in the The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Cefn Fron Hill, and this was derived due to the prioritised language protocol being used.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Cilfaesty

Name: Cefn Fron Hill

Previously Listed Name: Cefn Vron Hill

OS 1:50,000 map: 136

Summit Height: 415.6m (LIDAR)

Summit Grid Reference: SO 16549 83829 (LIDAR)

Col Height: 391.65m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SO 16752 84287 (LIDAR)

Drop: 23.9m (LIDAR)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (September 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Cwm Sannam Hill (SO 270 755) - 29th significant name change

Survey post for Cwm Sannam Hill

There has been a Significant Name Change to a hill that is listed in the The Fours – The 400m Hills of England, with the summit height, col height and their locations, the drop and status of the hill derived from a Trimble GeoXH 6000 survey and LIDAR analysis conducted by Myrddyn Phillipsa and Aled Williams.

The summit of Cwm Sannam Hill (SO 270 755)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills, these are the 400m Sub-Fours, the 390m Sub-Fours and the 390m Double Sub-Fours. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Cilfaesty group of hills, which are situated in the Welsh borders, and it is positioned with the B4355 road to its south-west and the A488 road to its east, and has the Offa’s Dyke long distance footpath passing over its summit, and the town of Trefyclo (Knighton) towards the south-east.

When the listing that is now known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of Engalnd was originally compiled this hill appeared under its map composition of Cwm-sanaham Hill. This was also the composition it appeared as when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database with the caveat that a capital ‘S’ was used; Cwm-Sanaham Hill. Subsequently the hill was listed as Cwm Sanaham Hill in the 1^st edition of the The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

Hill list authors are prone to list a hill by the name that appears nearest to its summit on contemporary Ordnance Survey maps, with little consideration for its local usage and historical confirmation, or whether map placement is appropriate, and in the case of this hill it was research conducted by Aled Williams in to the documentation of the name of this hill coupled with its local pronunciation that concluded Cwm Sannam Hill to be the most appropriate composition for the name of this hill name. With the following appearing in the Notes section to the listing of the The Fours - The 400m Hills of England published by Mapping Mountains Publications:

The name is related to that of the farm located at the southern foot of the hill, which has been recorded by the OS as Cwm Sanham (1816), Cwm Sannan (1833), Cwm Sanam (1884) and Cwm Sanaham (1904), with the current registered name of the farm being Cwm Sannum. Locally, the name is pronounced as "Cwm Sannam Hill".

Extract from the Ordnance Survey One-Inch 'Old Series'map

Therefore, the name composition this hill is now listed by in the The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Cwm Sannam Hill, and this was derived from research in to the documenting of the name of this hill, coupled with local pronunciation.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Cilfaesty

Name: Cwm Sannam Hill

Previously Listed Name: Cwm Sanaham Hill

OS 1:50,000 map: 137, 148

Summit Height: 409.1m (converted to OSGM15, Trimble GeoXH 6000)

Summit Grid Reference: SO 27080 75511 (Trimble GeoXH 6000)

Col Height: 310.0m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SO 28540 75409 (LIDAR)

Drop: 99.1m (Trimble GeoXH 6000 summit and LIDAR col)

For details on the survey of Cwm Sannam Hill

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (September 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Caer Caradoc (SO 477 953) - 28th significant name change

Summit survey post for Caer Caradoc

2nd visit post for Caer Caradoc

Col survey post for Caer Caradoc

There has been a Significant Name Change to a hill that is listed in the The Fours – The 400m Hills of England, with the summit height, col height and their locations, the drop and status of the hill derived from a Trimble GeoXH 6000 survey and subsequent LIDAR analysis conducted by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams.

Caer Caradoc (SO 477 953)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills, these are the 400m Sub-Fours, the 390m Sub-Fours and the 390m Double Sub-Fours. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams, with the 1^st edition of the booklet containing this list published by Europeaklist in December 2013 and by Haroldstreet in January 2014, with the 2^nd edition of this list due for publication by Mapping Mountains Publications in April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Stiperstones group of hills, which are situated in the county of Shropshire close to the Welsh border, and it is positioned with a minor road to its north-east, the A49 road to its west and the B4571 road to its south, and has the town of Church Stretton towards the south-west.

When the listing that is now known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled this hill appeared under the transposed name of Caer Caradoc Hill, this was also the name it appeared as when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database. Subsequently the hill was listed by this same name when the 1^st edition of The Fours was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Caer Caradoc and this was derived from local enquiry.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Stiperstones

Name: Caer Caradoc

Previously Listed Name: Caer Caradoc Hill

OS 1:50,000 map: 137, 138

Summit Height: 459.5m (converted to OSGM15, Trimble GeoXH 6000)

Summit Grid Reference: SO 47745 95390 (Trimble GeoXH 6000)

Col Height: 185.3m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SO 45734 93768 (LIDAR)

Drop: 274.2m (Trimble GeoXH 6000 summit and LIDAR col)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (September 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Flake Moss (SE 080 080) - 27th significant name change

LIDAR image of Flake Moss (SE 080 080)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills, with this hill listed in the 400m Sub-Four category, the criteria for which are all English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 20m or more and below 30m of drop. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Bleaklow Head group of hills, which are situated in the southern Pennines, and it is positioned with the A635 road to its immediate south, and has the town of Meltham to its north-east and the village of Marsden to its north-west.

When the 1^st edition of the The Fours was published by Europeaklist in December 2013, this hill was listed as Little Moss, which is a prominent name that appears to the south of the summit on the contemporary Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

Hill list authors are prone to list a hill by the name that appears nearest to its summit on contemporary Ordnance Surveys maps, with little consideration for its local or historical confirmation, or whether map placement is appropriate, and therefore when the 2^nd edition of the The Fours – The 400m Hills of England was published by Mapping Mountains Publications in April 2018, this hill was listed as Flake Moss, with this considered more appropriate than that of Little Moss, as evidenced by their respective positions on historic Ordnance Survey maps.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours The 400m Hills of England is Flake Moss and this was derived from studying contemporary and historic Ordnance Survey maps.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Bleaklow Head

Name: Flake Moss

Previously Listed Name: Little Moss

OS 1:50,000 map: 110

Summit Height: 479.3m (LIDAR)

Summit Grid Reference: SE 08079 08040 (LIDAR)

Col Height: 454.5m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SE 07770 08548 (LIDAR)

Drop: 24.8m (LIDAR)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (September 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Crow Knoll (SD 960 105) - 26th significant name change

There has been a Significant Name Change to a hill that is listed in The Fours, with this being announced when the 2^nd edition of The Fours was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop. Accompanying the main list of The Fours are three categories of sub hills, with this hill being classified in the 390m Double Sub-Four category. The criteria for 390m Double Sub-Four status are all English hills at or above 390m and below 400m in height that have 20m or more and below 30m of drop.

The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams, with the 1^st edition of the list having been published by Europeaklist in December 2013 and by Haroldstreet in January 2014, with the 2^nd edition of the list published by Mapping Mountains Publications and by Haroldstreet on the 24^th April 2018.

The hill is situated in the Southern Pennines and is placed in Region 36 with its Cardinal Hill being Way Stone Edge (SD 997 140). The hill is positioned with the A 640 road to its north, the A 663 road to its west and the A 672 road to its south-east, and has the village of Denshaw to the east and the town of Shaw to the south-west.

This hill was not included in the listing that is now known as The Fours when originally compiled as it did not at that stage include a sub-list to the hills at or above 390m and below 400m in height. Subsequently the hill was listed as Crow Knowl in the 1^st edition of The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Extract from the current Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

Hill list authors are prone to list a hill by the name that appears nearest to its summit on contemporary Ordnance Survey maps, with little consideration for its local or historical confirmation, or whether map placement is appropriate, and research conducted by Aled concluded that Ordnance Survey have recorded this hill’s name as both Crow Knoll and Crow Knowl, with the latter being archaic.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours is Crow Knoll and this was derived from historic Ordnance Survey maps.

The full details for the hill are:

Cardinal Hill: Way Stone Edge

Name: Crow Knoll

Previously Listed Name: Crow Knowl

Summit Height: 391m

OS 1:50,000 map: 109

Summit Grid Reference: SD 960 105

Drop: c 20m

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (August 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Great Hill (SD 810 288) - 25th significant name change

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The hill is situated in the Southern Pennines and is placed in Region 36 with its Cardinal Hill being Cowpe Moss (SD 834 193). The hill is positioned with the A 56 road to its west and the A 682 road to its east, and has the town of Accrington towards the west.

This hill was not included in the listing that is now known as The Fours when originally compiled as it did not at that stage include a sub-list to the hills at or above 390m and below 400m in height. Subsequently the hill was listed as Hameldon Hill in the 1^st edition of The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Hill list authors are prone to list a hill by the name that appears nearest to its summit on contemporary Ordnance Survey maps, without much consideration for its local or historical confirmation, or whether map placement is appropriate, and research conducted by Aled concluded that Ordnance Survey maps suggest that the name Hameldon Hill applies to an area of upland including the neighbouring hill of Great Hameldon, whilst the name of Great Hill appears adjacent to this hill’s summit on the series of Ordnance Survey Six-Inch maps.

Extract from the series of Ordnance Survey Six-Inch maps

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours is Great Hill and this was derived from historic Ordnance Survey maps.

The full details for the hill are:

Cardinal Hill: Cowpe Moss

Name: Great Hill

Previously Listed Name: Hameldon Hill

Summit Height: 399.4m (LIDAR)

OS 1:50,000 map: 103

Summit Grid Reference: SD 81067 28866 (LIDAR)

Drop: 22.5m (LIDAR)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (August 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Brown Wardle (SD 898 187) - 24th significant name change

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop.

The hill is situated in the Southern Pennines and is placed in Region 36 with its Cardinal Hill being Cowpe Moss (SD 834 193). The hill is positioned with the A 671 road to its west and the A 6033 road to its east, and has the town of Rochdale towards the south.

When the listing that is now known as The Fours was originally compiled this hill appeared under the name of Brown Wardle Hill, and this was also the name the hill appeared as when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database. Subsequently the hill was listed as Brown Wardle Hill in the 1^st edition of The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Extract from the contemporary Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

Hill list authors are prone to list a hill by the name that appears nearest to its summit on contemporary Ordnance Survey maps, without much consideration for its local or historical confirmation, or whether map placement is appropriate, and after research conducted by Aled showing that this hill’s name is presented as Brown Wardle and Brown Wardle Hill on historical and contemporary Ordnance Survey maps respectively, the decision was taken to prioritise the name of Brown Wardle for The Fours.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey One-Inch 'Old Series' map

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours is Brown Wardle and this was derived from historic Ordnance Survey maps.

The full details for the hill are:

Cardinal Hill: Cowpe Moss

Name: Brown Wardle

Previously Listed Name: Brown Wardle Hill

Summit Height: 400m

OS 1:50,000 map: 109

Summit Grid Reference: SD 89821 18701

Drop: 48m

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (August 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Cridden (SD 799 240) - 23rd significant name change

Summit Relocations post for Cridden

There has been a Significant Name Change to a hill that is listed in The Fours– The 400m Hills of England, with the summit height, col height and their locations, the drop and status of the hill derived from LIDAR analysis conducted by Myrddyn Phillips.

LIDAR image of Cridden (SD 799 240)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills, the 400m Sub-Four category, the 390m Sub-Four category and the 390m Double Sub-Four category. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Cowpe Moss group of hills, which are situated in the southern Pennines, and it is positioned with the A56 road to its west and the A682 road to its east, and has the town of Haslingden towards the south-west and Rawtenstall towards the south-east.

When the listing that is now known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled this hill appeared under the name of Cribden Hill, and this was also the name the hill appeared as when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database and when the 1^st edition of The Fours was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

History of the Original Parish of Whalley by T. D. Whitaker, 1818

Extract from the History of the Original Parish of Whalley

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Cridden and this was derived from a variety of historic documents.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Cowpe Moss

Name: Cridden

Previously Listed Name: Cribden Hill

OS 1:50,000 map: 103

Summit Height: 400.8m (LIDAR)

Summit Grid Reference: SD 79946 24034 (LIDAR)

Col Height: 341.1m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SD 79800 26053 (LIDAR)

Drop: 59.7m (LIDAR)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (August 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Totridge Fell (SD 634 487) - 22nd significant name change

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop.

The hill is situated in the Southern Pennines and is placed in Region 36 with its Cardinal Hill being Ward’s Stone (SD 591 587). The hill is positioned with the M6 to its west and the B 6478 road to its east, and has the village of Dunsop Bridge towards the north-east and Chipping towards the south south-west.

When the listing that is now known as The Fours was originally compiled this hill appeared under the name of Totridge, and this was also the name the hill appeared as when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database. Subsequently the hill was listed as Totridge in the 1^st edition of The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Extract from the current Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 Landranger map

Extract from the Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps

Extract from the Ordnance Survey historical 1:25,000 map

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours is Totridge Fell and this was derived from a variety of older Ordnance Survey maps including that of the series of Six-Inch maps.

The full details for the hill are:

Cardinal Hill: Ward’s Stone

Name: Totridge Fell

Previously Listed Name: Totridge

Summit Height: 496m

OS 1:50,000 map: 102, 103

Summit Grid Reference: SD 63456 48732

Drop: 52m

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (August 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Hammond Close (SD 953 648) - 21st significant name change

LIDAR image of Hammond Close (SD 953 648)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills, with this hill now being included in the 400m Sub-Four category, the criteria for which are all English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 20m or more and below 30m of drop. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Pen Ghent group of hills, which are situated in the central Pennines, and it is positioned with the B6160 road and the River Wharfe to its east, and has the village of Threshfield towards the east south-east and Malham towards the west south-west.

When the listing that is now known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled this hill appeared under the name of Malham Moor, which is a prominent name that appears to the north of this hill on the Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 Landranger and 1:25,000 Explorer map, and this was also the name the hill appeared as when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database. Subsequently the hill was listed under the point (Pt. 411m) notation in the 1^st edition of The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

Since the original publication of the Welsh P30 lists on Geoff Crowder’s v-g.me website there have been a number of maps made available online. Some of these are historic such as the series of Six-Inch maps on the National Library of Scotland website. Whilst others were digitally updated such as the Ordnance Survey Vector Map Local that was hosted on the Geograph website and which was entitled the Interactive Coverage Map, whilst others are current and digitally updated such as the interactive mapping on the Magic Maps and WalkLakes websites, and it is the series of Ordnance Survey Six-Inch maps that form the basis of the change in the listed name of this hill.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps

The Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps formed the base map Ordnance Survey used for many decades leading to the production of the 1:10,000 Series of maps, both have now been superseded by the digitised Master Map. The series of Six-Inch maps are excellent for name placement and especially so compared to the contemporary Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map, and it is the series of Six-Inch maps that present the name of Hammond Close close to the summit of this hill.

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Hammond Close and this derived from the Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Pen y Ghent

Name: Hammond Close

Previously Listed Name: Pt. 411m (and prior to this; Malham Moor)

OS 1:50,000 map: 98

Summit Height: 410.1m (LIDAR)

Summit Grid Reference: SD 95355 64853 (LIDAR)

Col Height: 380.6m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SD 95342 65230 (LIDAR)

Drop: 29.5m (LIDAR)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (July 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Moughton Scars (SD 786 711) - 20th significant name change

LIDAR image of Moughton Scars (SD 786 711)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills; the 400m Sub-Fours, the 390m Sub-Fours and the 390m Double Sub-Fours. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Whernside group of hills, which are situated in the central Pennines, and it is positioned with the A65 road to its south-west and the B6479 road to its east, and has the village of Austwick towards the south-west and the village of Horton in Ribblesdale towards the north-east.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

When the listing that is now known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled this hill appeared under the name of Moughton, and this was also the name the hill appeared as when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database. Subsequently the hill was listed as Moughton in the 1^st edition of The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Moughton Scars and this was derived from the Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Whernside

Name: Moughton Scars

Previously Listed Name: Moughton

OS 1:50,000 map: 98

Summit Height: 427.5m (LIDAR)

Summit Grid Reference: SD 78683 71186 (LIDAR)

Col Height: 353.3m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SD 78181 72426 (LIDAR)

Drop: 74.2m (LIDAR)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (July 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Barbon Low Fell (SD 653 814) - 19th significant name change

LIDAR image of Barbon Low Fell (SD 653 814)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills; the 400m Sub-Fours, the 390m Sub-Fours and the 390m Double Sub-Fours. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Whernside group of hills, which are situated in the central Pennines, and it is positioned with the A683 road to its west and the A65 road to its south, and has the small town of Kirkby Lonsdale towards the south-west.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

When the listing that is now known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled this hill appeared under the name of Hoggs Hill, and this was also the name the hill appeared as when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database. Subsequently the hill was listed as Hoggs Hills in the 1^st edition of The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps

The name of Hoggs Hills and Hogg Hill has consistently been presented on Ordnance Survey maps as applicable to land to the east of the summit of this hill, whereas the name of Barbon Low Fell has appeared in larger text and applicable to land on the upper northerly part of this hill, with the small community of Barbon to the west north-west of this hill.

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Barbon Low Fell and this was derived from a variety of different scaled Ordnance Survey maps.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Whernside

Name: Barbon Low Fell

Previously Listed Name: Hoggs Hills

OS 1:50,000 map: 97

Summit Height: 430.9m (LIDAR)

Summit Grid Reference: SD 65373 81464 (LIDAR)

Col Height: 398.5m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SD 65261 81169 (LIDAR)

Drop: 32.4m (LIDAR)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (July 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Pt. 438.3m (SD 650 808) - 18th significant name change

LIDAR image of Pt. 438.3m (SD 650 808)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills; the 400m Sub-Fours, the 390m Sub-Fours and the 390m Double Sub-Fours. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Whernside group of hills, which are situated in the central Pennines, and it is positioned with the A 683 road to its west and the A 65 road to its south, and has the small town of Kirkby Lonsdale towards the south-west.

When the listing that is now known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled this hill appeared under the name of Brownthwaite Moss, and when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database the hill appeared under the name of Barbon Low Fell (Brownthwaite Moss). The hill was subsequently listed as Brownthwaite in the 1^st edition of The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Pt. 438.3m and this follows the standard practice of using the point notation for a hill whose name has not been substantiated by the authors either through local enquiry, contemporary maps or from historical documentation.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Whernside

Name: Pt. 438.3m

Previously Listed Name: Brownthwaite

OS 1:50,000 map: 97

Summit Height: 438.3m (LIDAR)

Summit Grid Reference: SD 65071 80836 (LIDAR)

Col Height: 305.5m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SD 66299 81580 (LIDAR)

Drop: 132.8m (LIDAR)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (July 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Crumma Pasture (NZ 085 061) - 17th significant name change

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop. Accompanying the main list of The Fours are three categories of sub hills, with this hill listed as a 390m Sub-Four. The criteria for 390m Sub-Four status are all English hills at or above 390m and below 400m in height that have 30m minimum drop.

The hill is situated in the Northern Pennines and is placed in Region 35, Section 35A with its Cardinal Hill being Great Shunner Fell (SD 848 972). The hill is positioned with the A 66 road to its north-east and the A 6108 road and the town of Richmond towards its south-east.

When the listing that is now known as The Fours was originally compiled this hill was not included as the sub category did not take in hills below 400m in height, however when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database the hill was listed as unnamed summit. Subsequently the hill was listed as Weather Hill in the 1^st edition of The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

Since the original publication of this list on the RHB Yahoo Group file database there have been a number of Ordnance Survey maps made available online, some of these are historical such as the series of Six-Inch maps on the National Library of Scotland website, whilst others are current and digitally updated such as the Interactive Coverage Map hosted on the Geograph website. Two of the historical maps now available are the Ordnance Survey Draft Surveyors map which formed the basis for the Ordnance Survey One-Inch ‘Old Series’ map, and it was the latter of these maps as well as the Six-Inch map that position the name of Crumma Pasture adjacent to this hill.

The One-Inch ‘Old Series’ was the first map that Ordnance Survey published, and they were based on the preceding Draft Surveyors map. Their publication culminated from the whole of Britain being surveyed between 1791 and 1874 and the detail gathered therein produced at a scale of one inch to the mile and published in sheet format between 1805 and 1874. The One-Inch ‘Old Series’ maps for the whole of England are now available online, they are also available in map format as enlarged and re-projected versions to match the scale and dimensions of the Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 Landranger series and are published by Cassini. This series of maps forms another important part in the study of upland place-names and bridge the time frame leading to the production of the Ordnance Survey base map of the Six-Inch series.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey One-Inch 'Old Series' map

For many years The Ordnance Survey Six-Inch map was the base map for information to be fed on to, the scale was superseded in the 1950s by the 1:10,000 series of maps and was available as sheets until the 1980s when they were digitised. One of the recurring themes of Ordnance Survey maps is that some of the data are not consistent between the different scales of maps available, this is particularly noticeable for numerical data between the two publicly available scales of 1:50,000 Landranger and 1:25,000 Explorer maps. However, when studying place-names it is also noticeable that name placement and sometimes composition is not consistent between these lower scaled maps and their larger scaled and older maps of the Six-Inch series. It is also noticeable that some names appear on the Six-Inch map whilst they do not appear on the smaller scaled maps. Extensive research has shown that place-name data and numerical data on the series of Six-Inch maps, and especially so for the former’s placement, are more appropriate and accurate compared too much of the information on contemporary maps.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey Six-Inch map published in 1857

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours is Crumma Pasture and this was derived from the Ordnance Survey One-Inch ‘Old Series’ map as well as the Ordnance Survey Six-Inch map, with map placement for the name of Weather Hill favouring land to the north-west of this hill’s summit.

The full details for the hill are:

Cardinal Hill: Great Shunner Fell

Name: Crumma Pasture

Previously Listed Name: Weather Hill

Summit Height: 392

OS 1:50,000 map: 92

Summit Grid Reference: NZ 08593 06115

Drop: 33m

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (June 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Swarthy Top (NY 955 217) - 16th significant name change

There has been a Significant Name Change to a hill that is listed in the The Fours – The 400m Hills of England, with the summit height, col height and their locations, the drop and status of the hill derived from detail on contemporary maps produced from Ordnance Survey data and subsequent LIDAR analysis conducted by Myrddyn Phillips.

LIDAR image of Swarthy Top (NY 955 217)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England: English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills, the 400m Sub-Fours, 390m Sub-Fours and the 390m Double Sub-Fours. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams, with the 1^st edition of the booklet containing this list published by Europeaklist in December 2013 and by the Haroldstreet website in January 2014, with the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list published by Mapping Mountains Publications and by the Haroldstreet website on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the the Cross Fell group of hills, which are situated in the northern Pennines, and it is positioned with the B6277 road to its north north-east and has a number of reservoirs close by, including the Grassholme, Selset, Balderhead, Blackton and Hury, and has the small community of Middleton-in-Teesdale towards the north.

When the listing that is now known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled this hill appeared under the name of Millstone Grits, which is a prominent name that appears close to the summit on the contemporary Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map. When the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database the hill appeared under the name of Millstone Grits (Harker Hill). Subsequently the name of the hill reverted to just Milstone Grits in the 1^st edition of The Fours when the list was published in booklet format by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25000 Explorer map

Since the original publication of this list on the RHB Yahoo Group file database there have been a number of Ordnance Survey maps made available online, some of these are historical such as the series of Six-Inch maps on the National Library of Scotland website, whilst others are current and digitally updated such as the Interactive Coverage Map hosted on the Geograph website. Therefore, prior to the publication of the 2^nd edition of The Fours - The 400m Hills of England, the series of Six-Inch maps produced by Ordnance Survey were consulted.

For many years The Ordnance Survey Six-Inch map was the base map for information to be fed on to, the scale was superseded in the 1950s by the 1:10,000 series of maps and was available as sheets until the 1980s when they were digitised. One of the recurring themes of Ordnance Survey maps is that data are not consistent between the different scales of maps, this is particularly noticeable for numerical data between the two publicly available scales of 1:50,000 Landranger and 1:25,000 Explorer maps. However, when studying place-names it is also noticeable that name placement and occasionally composition are not consistent between these lower scaled maps and their larger scaled and older maps of the Six-Inch series. It is also noticeable that some names appear on the Six-Inch map whilst they do not appear on the smaller scaled maps. Extensive research has shown that place-name data and numerical data on the series of Six-Inch maps, and especially so for the placement of former, are more appropriate and accurate compared to information on contemporary maps.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Swarthy Fell, and the placement of this name being applicable to the summit of this hill was derived from the Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps, with this name also appearing on the contemporary Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Cross Fell

Name: Swarthy Top

Previously Listed Name: Millstone Grits

OS 1:50,000 map: 91, 92

Summit Height: 411.1m (LIDAR)

Summit Grid Reference: NY 95542 21755 (LIDAR)

Col Height: 353.9m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: NY 92969 19846 (LIDAR)

Drop: 57.2m (LIDAR)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (June 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Pt. 428.7m (NY 300 017) - 15th significant name change

There has been a Significant Name Change to a hill that is listed in The Fours – The 400m Hills of England, with the summit height, col height and their locations, the drop and status of the hill derived from subsequent LIDAR analysis conducted by Myrddyn Phillips.

LIDAR image of Pt. 428.7m (NY 300 017)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills, with this hill being subsequently deleted from the 400m Sub-Four category, the criteria for which are all English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 20m or more and below 30m of drop. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the The Old Man of Coniston group of hills, which are situated in the Lake District, and it is positioned with a minor road to its north and the A593 road to its east, and has the village of Coniston towards the south.

When this list was originally compiled this hill was not included in the accompanying sub list as it did not meet the criteria then used for this sub category. When the sub list was standardised and interpolated heights and drop values also included, the details for this hill were reassessed and it appeared as a 400m Sub-Four under the name of High Fell when the 1st edition of the The Fours was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Prior to publication of the 2^nd edition of the The Fours - The 400m Hills of England enquiries were made with two well-known Lake District guide book authors, resulting in a non-committal reply in regard to the name of High Fell, and the advice that ‘one would need to talk to genuine locals and shepherds to give definitive answers’. Therefore, this hill was listed using the point (Pt. 428m) notation.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

However, it was not until LIDAR became available that the numerical details for this hill could be accurately re-assessed. The LIDAR (Light Detection & Ranging) technique produced highly accurate height data that is now freely available for much of England and Wales.

Subsequent LIDAR analysis gives the drop of this hill as 19.4m which is insufficient to be included as a 400m Sub-Four. However, this post is retained as a record of the change in the listed name of this hill.

Therefore, the name this hill was listed by in the The Fours- The 400m Hills of England was Pt. 428m (subsequently Pt. 428.7m after LIDAR analysis), and this follows the standard practice of using the point notation when the name of a hill has not been substantiated by the authors either through local enquiry, contemporary maps or from historical documentation.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: The Old Man of Coniston

Name: Pt. 428.7m

Previously Listed Name: High Fell

OS 1:50,000 map: 90

Summit Height: 428.7m (LIDAR)

Summit Grid Reference: NY 30015 01705 (LIDAR)

Col Height: 409.3m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: NY 29954 01653 (LIDAR)

Drop: 19.4m (LIDAR)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (June 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Whitecombe Moss (SD 151 873) - 14th significant name change

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – English hills at and above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop. Accompanying the main list of The Fours are three categories of sub hills, with this hill listed as a 400m Sub-Four. The criteria for 400m Sub-Four status are all English hills at and above 400m and below 500m in height that have 20m or more and below 30m of drop.

The hill is situated in the Southern Fells of the Lake District and is placed in Region 34, Section 34D with its Cardinal Hill being The Old Man of Coniston (SD 272 978). The hill is positioned with the A 595 road to its west and its east, and has the small town of Millom towards its south- south-east.

When the listing that is now known as The Fours was originally compiled this hill was not included as it did not meet the criteria then used, however this list has now been standardised and interpolated height and drop values also added, it was subsequently listed under the name of Stoupdale Head in the 1st edition of The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Prior to publication of the 2^nd edition of The Fours enquiries were made with two well-known Lake District guide book authors, resulting in the name of Stoupdale Head being considered as ‘very plausible’, and the advice that ‘one would need to talk to genuine locals and shepherds to give definitive answers’.

Therefore, as there is no definite confirmation of Stoupdale Head being an appropriate name for this hill, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours is Whitecombe Moss, which is the name appearing nearest the summit of this hill on a number of different scaled Ordnance Survey maps.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps

The full details for the hill are:

Group: The Old Man of Coniston

Name: Whitecombe Moss

Previously Listed Name: Stoupdale Head

Summit Height: 472m

OS 1:50,000 map: 96

Summit Grid Reference: SD 15150 87370

Drop: 26m

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (June 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

High Forest (NY 492 143) - 13th significant name change

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The hill is situated in the Eastern Fells of the Lake District and is placed in Region 34, Section 34C with its Cardinal Hill being High Street (NY 440 110). The hill is positioned with the expanse of Haweswater Reservoir to its west, and has the small community of Burnbanks towards the north-east.

When the listing that is now known as The Fours was originally compiled this hill appeared under the name of Kit Crag, this was also the name it appeared as when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database. Subsequently the hill was listed as Naddle High Forest in the 1st edition of The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 historical map

Prior to publication of the 2^nd edition of The Fours enquiries were made with two well-known Lake District guide book authors, resulting in the name of Naddle High Forest considered as ‘very possibly correct’, and the advice that ‘one would need to talk to genuine locals and shepherds to give definitive answers’.

Therefore, as there is no definite confirmation of Naddle High Forest being an appropriate name for this hill, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours is High Forest, which is the name appearing nearest the summit of this hill on a number of different scaled Ordnance Survey maps.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: High Street

Name: High Forest

Previously Listed Name: Naddle High Forest

Summit Height: 435m

OS 1:50,000 map: 90

Summit Grid Reference: NY 49245 14308

Drop: c 28m

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (May 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Pt. 489.0m (NY 487 164) - 12th significant name change

There has been a Significant Name Change to a hill that is listed in the The Fours – The 400m Hills of England, with the summit height, col height and their locations, the drop and status of the hill derived from subsequent LIDAR analysis conducted by Myrddyn Phillips.

LIDAR image of Pt. 489.0m (NY 487 164)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills; the 400m Sub-Four category, the 390m Sub-Four category and the Double Sub-Four category, with this hill included in the main list of P30 hills. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the High Street group of hills, which are situated in the Eastern Fells of the Lake District (Region 34, Section 34C), and it is positioned with Haweswater Reservoir to its south, and has the small community of Bampton towards the north-east.

When the listing that is now known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled this hill appeared under the name of Bampton Common, this was also the name it appeared as when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database. Subsequently the hill was listed as Bampton Fell in the 1st edition of The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

When a hill is seemingly unnamed on the map, hill list compilers are prone to either invent a name for the hill or follow the name given the hill in previous hill listings with little consideration for local or historical confirmation. This is not a practice that is now advocated as with time and inclination place-name data can be improved either by asking local people or by examining historical documents, through this form of research an appropriate name for the hill can usually be found.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

Prior to publication of the 2^nd edition of The Fours - The 400m Hills of England enquiries were made with two well-known Lake District guide book authors, resulting in the following ‘this top also carries no known local name’, and the advice that ‘one would need to talk to genuine locals and shepherds to give definitive answers’.

On such occasions when research is conducted and an appropriate name for the hill is not found, the listing protocol is to use the point (Pt. 489.0m) notation, and for this hill this is such an example.

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in the The Fours – The 400m Hills of England is Pt. 489.0m, and this is being used as an appropriate name for the hill either through historic research and/or local enquiry has not been found.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: High Street

Name: Pt. 489.0m

Previously Listed Name: Bampton Fell

OS 1:50,000 map: 90

Summit Height: 489.0m (LIDAR)

Summit Grid Reference: NY 48710 16475 (LIDAR)

Col Height: 452.4m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: NY 48164 16293 (LIDAR)

Drop: 36.6m (LIDAR)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (May 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Pt. 422.3m (NY 424 233) - 11th significant name change

There has been a Significant Name Change to a hill that is listed in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England, with the summit height, col height and their locations, the drop and status of the hill derived from subsequent LIDAR analysis conducted by Myrddyn Phillips.

LIDAR image of Pt. 422.3m (NY 424 233)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills; the 400m Sub-Four category, the 390m Sub-Four category and the 390m Double Sub-Four category. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the list was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The hill is situated in the Eastern Fells of the Lake District and is placed in Region 34, Section 34C with its Cardinal Hill being Helvellyn (NY 342 151). The hill is positioned between the A5091 road to its west and the A592 road to its east and has a minor road directly to its north, and has the small community of Watermillock towards the east south-east.

When the listing that is now known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled this hill appeared under the name of Underwood, this was also the name it appeared as when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database. Subsequently the hill was listed as Watermillock Fell in the 1st edition of The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Hill list authors are prone to list a hill by the name that appears nearest to its summit on contemporary Ordnance Survey maps, with little consideration for its local or historical confirmation, or whether map placement is appropriate, and in the case of this hill the name of Underwood has been consistently applied to a feature or a house to the east of the hill. This form of supplanting a name is not a practice that is now advocated as with time and inclination place-name data can be improved either by asking local people or by examining historical documents, through this form of research an appropriate name for the hill can usually be found.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

Prior to publication of the 2^nd edition of this list enquiries were made with two well-known Lake District guide book authors, resulting in this hill being described as ‘nameless’, and the advice that ‘one would need to talk to genuine locals and shepherds to give definitive answers’.

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Pt. 422.3m and this follows the standard practice of using the point notation when a name of the hill is not forthcoming either from local enquiry, contemporary maps or historical documentation.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Helvellyn

Name: Pt. 422.3m (LIDAR)

Previously Listed Name: Watermillock Fell

OS 1:50,000 map: 90

Summit Height: 422.3m (LIDAR)

Summit Grid Reference: NY 42451 23324 (LIDAR)

Col Height: 384.8m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: NY 41905 22650 (LIDAR)

Drop: 37.5m (LIDAR)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (May 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

The Warren (SO 318 685) - 10th significant name change

Survey post for The Warren

There has been a Significant Name Change that is retrospective to a hill that is listed in the The Fours – The 400m Hills of England, with the summit height, col height and their locations, the drop and status of the hill derived from a Trimble GeoXH 6000 survey conducted by Myrddyn Phillips.

The Warren (SO 318 685)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours– The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main listing of The Fours are three categories of sub hills, with this hill being included in the 400m Sub-Four category, the criteria for which are all English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 20m or more and below 30m of drop. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Beacon Hill group of hills, which are situated in the county of Shropshire close to the Welsh border, and it is positioned encircled by minor roads, with the A4113 road farther to its north and the B4355 road farther to its west, and has the small community of Norton towards the south-west and the town of Trefyclo (Knighton) towards the north-west.

When the listing that is now known as The Fours – The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled this hill was not included as it did not meet the criteria then used for the accompanying sub list. When this list was subsequently uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database and data augmented from Clem Clements it appeared under the name of; Stonewall Hill (The Warren).

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

Since the original publication of this list there have been a number of maps made available online. Some of these are historic such as the series of Six-Inch maps on the National Library of Scotland website. Whilst others were digitally updated such as the Ordnance Survey Vector Map Local that was hosted on the Geograph website and which was entitled the Interactive Coverage Map, whilst others are current and digitally updated such as the interactive mapping on the Magic Maps and WalkLakes websites. One of the historic maps now available online is the Ordnance Survey One-Inch ‘Old Series’ map, and it is this map that formed the basis for the change in the listed name of this hill.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey One-Inch 'Old Series' map

The enclosed land where the summit of a hill is situated is usually given a number on the Tithe map, this can be cross referenced against the apportionments; it is these apportionments that give the name of the owner or occupier of the land as well as the name of the land. However, in this instance the land where the summit of this hill is situated is named as The Warren, with the land boundary between it and Stonewall Hill being the narrow road to the west of the summit which also forms a part of the designated border between England and Wales. This information appears on the Tithe map for the counties of Hereford and Radnor and in the parish of Presteigne.

Extract from the Tithe map

Therefore, the name this hill is listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is The Warren and this was derived from the series of different scaled Ordnance Survey maps and substantiated by the Tithe map.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Beacon Hill

Name: The Warren

Previously Listed Name: Stonewall Hill (The Warren)

OS 1:50,000 map: 137, 148

Summit Height: 403.8m (converted to OSGM15)

Summit Grid Reference: SO 31855 68590

Col Height: 376.4m (converted to OSGM15)

Col Grid Reference: SO 31273 70279

Drop: 27.45m

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (March 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Bury Ditches (SO 327 838) - 9th significant name change

Survey post for the Bury Ditches

There has been a Significant Name Change to a hill that is listed in the The Fours – The 400m Hills of England, with the summit height, col height and their locations, the drop and status of the hill derived from a Trimble GeoXH 6000 survey conducted by Myrddyn Phillips.

Bury Ditches (SO 327 838)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop. Accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills, with this hill being classified in the 390m Sub-Four category, the criteria for which are all English hills at and above 390m and below 400m in height that have 30m minimum drop. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Cilfaesty group of hills, which are situated in the county of Shropshire close to the Welsh border, and it is positioned the B4385 road to its snorth, the A488 road to its west, the B4368 road to its south and a minor road to its east, and has the small towns of Bishop’s Castle towards the north and Clun towards the south-west.

When the listing that is now known as The Fours – The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled this hill was not included as it did not at that stage include a sub-list to the hills at and above 390m and below 400m in height. When this list was subsequently uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database and data then augmented from Clem Clements it appeared under the name of; Sunnyhill (Bury Ditches). Subsequently the hill was listed as Sunnyhill in the 1st edition of The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

Extract from the series of Ordnance Survey Six-Inch maps

Information board at the start of the main path to Bury Ditches

With time and inclination place-name data can be improved either by asking local people or by examining historic documents, through this form of research the prioritised locally known name for the hill can usually be found, and in this case it was research and an on-site visit that deduced the locally known contemporary name for this hill is Bury Ditches, with the caveat that historic documentation gives the older name for the hill as Tongley Hill.

Extract from: A system of Geography: Ancient and Modern, Volume 2 by James Playfair

Extract from: Companion to the Wye tour, Ariconensia; or, Archæological Scetches of Ross... by Thomas Dudley Fosbroke

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in the The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Bury Ditches, and this was derived from an on-site visit, historic and contemporary Ordnance Survey maps and local enquiry.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Cilfaesty

Name: Bury Ditches

Previously Listed Name: Sunnyhill

OS 1:50,000 map: 137

Summit Height: 394.1m (converted to OSGM15)

Summit Grid Reference: SO 32753 83805

Col Height: 247.5m (converted to OSGM15)

Col Grid Reference: SO 29512 83148

Drop: 146.7m

The Trimble GeoXH 6000 gathering data at the summit of Bury Ditches (SO 327 838)

For details on the survey of Bury Ditches

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (February 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Brow Hill (SO 363 956) - 8th significant name change

Survey post for Brow Hill

There has been a Significant Name Change to a hill that is listed in the The Fours – The 400m Hills of England, with the summit height, col height and their locations, the drop and status of the hill derived from a Trimble GeoXH 6000 survey and subsequent LIDAR analysis conducted by Myrddyn Phillips.

Brow Hill (SO 363 956)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills, these are the 400m Sub-Fours, the 390m Sub-Fours and the 390m Double Sub-Fours. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams, with the 1^st edition of the booklet containing this list published by Europeaklist in December 2013 and by Haroldstreet in January 2014, with the 2^nd edition of this list due for publication by Mapping Mountains Publications in April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Stiperstones group of hills, which are situated in the county of Shropshire close to the Welsh border, and it is positioned encircled by minor roads with the A488 road farther to its west, and has the small community of the Bridges towards the east north-east and Wentnor towards the south-east.

When the listing that is now known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled this hill appeared under the transposed name of Linley Hill, this was also the name it appeared as when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

Hill list authors are prone to list a hill by the name that appears nearest to its summit on contemporary Ordnance Survey maps, without much consideration for its local or historical confirmation, or whether map placement is appropriate, and in the case of Linley Hill this name has been consistently applied by the Ordnance Survey to land positioned to the south of the summit of this hill and over 1km from it. This is not a practice that I now advocate as with time and inclination place-name data can be improved either by asking local people or by examining historical documents, through this form of research an appropriate name for the hill can usually be found, and in the case of this hill it was research conducted by Aled Williams with a local farmer who gave the name of Brow Hill for this hill. Consequently the hill was listed as Brow Hill in the 1st edition of The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Brow Hill and this was derived from local enquiry.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Stiperstones

Name: Brow Hill

Previously Listed Name: Linley Hill

OS 1:50,000 map: 137

Summit Height: 408.9m (converted to OSGM15, Trimble GeoXH 6000)

Summit Grid Reference: SO 36328 95615 (Trimble GeoXH 6000)

Col Height: 375.1m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SO 35935 95048 (LIDAR)

Drop: 33.8m (Trimble GeoXH 6000 summit and LIDAR col)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (February 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Linley Hill (SO 358 943) - 7th significant name change

Survey post for Linley Hill

There has been a Significant Name Change to a hill that is listed in the The Fours – The 400m Hills of England, with the summit height, col height and their locations, the drop and status of the hill derived from a Trimble GeoXH 6000 survey and subsequent LIDAR analysis conducted by Myrddyn Phillips.

Linley Hill (SO 358 943)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills, these are the 400m Sub-Fours, the 390m Sub-Fours and the 390m Double Sub-Fours. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams, with the 1^st edition of the booklet containing this list published by Europeaklist in December 2013 and by Haroldstreet in January 2014, with the 2^nd edition of this list due for publication by Mapping Mountains Publications in April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

When the listing that is now known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled this hill appeared under the transposed name of Norbury Hill, this was also the name it appeared as when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

Extract from the series of Ordnance Survey Six-Inch maps

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Historical map

With time and inclination place-name data can be improved either by asking local people or by examining historical documents, through this form of research the prioritised locally known name for the hill can usually be found, and in this case it was research conducted by Aled Williams with the local farming community where the name for the hill was consistently given as Linley Hill. Consequently the hill was listed as Linley Hill in the 1st edition of The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Linley Hill and this was derived from local enquiry.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Stiperstones

Name: Linley Hill

Previously Listed Name: Norbury Hill

OS 1:50,000 map: 137

Summit Height: 411.2m (converted to OSGM15, Trimble GeoXH 6000)

Summit Grid Reference: SO 35873 94366 (Trimble GeoXH 6000)

Col Height: 340.4m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SO 36319 96293 (LIDAR)

Drop: 70.8m (Trimble GeoXH 6000 summit and LIDAR col)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (February 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Stoney Pound Hill (SO 234 808) - 6th significant name change

Survey post for Stoney Pound Hill

There has been a Significant Name Change to a hill that is listed in the The Fours – The 400m Hills of England, with the summit height, col height and their locations, the drop and status of the hill derived from a Trimble GeoXH 6000 summit survey and LIDAR col analysis conducted by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams.

LIDAR image of Stoney Pound Hill (SO 234 808)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills; the 400m Sub-Fours, the 390m Sub-Fours and the 390m Double Sub-Fours. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Cilfaesty group of hills, which are situated in the Welsh borders, and it is positioned encircled by minor roads, with the B4368 road to its north, the B4355 road to its south-west and the A488 road towards the east south-east, and has the small community of Newcastle to its north-east and the town of Clun to its east.

When the list that is now known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled this hill appeared under the directional name of Hurgin North Top. The name was then given as Garn Rock Hill~ (Hurgin: N Top) when this list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database and data then augmented from Clem Clements.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 Landranger map

During my early hill listing I thought it appropriate to either invent a name for a hill, or use a name that appeared near to the summit of the hill on Ordnance Survey maps of the day. This included using a directional name based on supplanting the name of a near hill and adding a directional component to it. This is not a practice that I now advocate as with time and inclination place-name data can be improved either by asking local people or by examining historic documents, through this form of research an appropriate name for the hill can usually be found, and in the case of this hill the name Stoney Pound Hill was derived from research conducted by Aled Williams with the local farming community.

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Stoney Pound Hill and this was derived from local enquiry.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Cilfaesty

Name: Stoney Pound Hill

Previously Listed Name: Hurgin North Top

OS 1:50,000 map: 137

Summit Height: 438.3m (converted to OSGM15, Trimble GeoXH 6000)

Summit Grid Reference: SO 23445 80810 (Trimble GeoXH 6000)

Col Height: 376.9m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SO 22872 80617 (LIDAR)

Drop: 61.5m (Trimble GeoXH 6000 summit and LIDAR col)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (February 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Pt. 425.6m (SO 243 802) - 5th significant name change

Survey post for Pt. 425.6m

Pt. 425.6m (SO 243 802)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills, with this hill classified in the 400m Sub-Four category, the criteria for which are all English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 20m or more and below 30m of drop. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list was published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Cilfaesty group of hills, which are situated in the Welsh borders, and it is positioned encircled by minor roads, with the B4368 road to its north, the B4355 road to its south-west and the A488 road towards the east south-east, and has the small community of Felindre towards the south and the town of Trefyclo (Knighton) towards the south-east.

When the list that is now known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of England was first compiled, this hill was not included as it did not meet the criteria then used for the accompanying sub list which was entitled; Hills to Measure. When this list was subsequently uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database and data then augmented from Clem Clements it appeared under the name of Spoad Hill.

Hill list authors are prone to list a hill by the name that appears nearest to its summit on contemporary Ordnance Survey maps, without much consideration for its local or historical confirmation, or whether map placement is appropriate, and in the case of Spoad Hill this name appears on a number of different scaled Ordnance Survey maps and has been consistently applied to the west – east orientated road at a crossroads to the north-east of the summit of this hill, close to where Springfield Farm is positioned and not necessarily to the hill itself. This form of supplanting a name is not a practice that I now advocate as with time and inclination place-name data can be improved either by asking local people or by examining historical documents, through this form of research an appropriate name for the hill can usually be found.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 Landranger map

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Historical map

Extract from the series of Ordnance Survey Six-Inch maps

However, on occasion even when research is conducted an appropriate name for the hill may not be found, and on such occasions the listing protocol is to use the point (Pt. 425.6m) notation, and for this hill this is such an example.

However, on occasion even after local or historical research an appropriate name for a hill cannot be substantiated and in the case of this hill it was Aled Williams who undertook research with a number of local farmers, all of whom failed to give a name for this hill and importantly were of the opinion that it was not named Spoad Hill, during this research information was given that the adjacent open access land to the north-east of the summit of this hill is known locally as The Turbary, and on such occasions the listing protocol is to use the point (Pt. 425.6m) notation.

Information board showing the boundary of The Turbary

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is Pt. 425.6m, and this follows the standard practice of using the point notation for a hill whose name has not been substantiated through local enquiry or historical documentation.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Cilfaesty

Name: Pt. 425.6m

Previously Listed Name: Spoad Hill (from listing on RHB file database)

OS 1:50,000 map: 137

Summit Height: 425.6m (LIDAR)

Summit Grid Reference: SO 24371 80264 (LIDAR)

Col Height: 397.5m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SO 23931 80943 (LIDAR)

Drop: 28.1m (LIDAR)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (February 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Walker’s Bank (SO 389 984) - 4th significant name change

Survey post for Walker's Bank

There has been a Significant Name Change to a hill that is listed in The Fours, with the height, drop and status of the hill confirmed by a Trimble GeoXH 6000 survey conducted by Myrddyn Phillips which took place on the 5^th November 2014.

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – English hills at and above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop.

Accompanying the main list of The Fours are three categories of sub hills, with this hill being classified in the 390m Sub-Four category. The criteria for 390m Sub-Four status are all English hills at and above 390m and below 400m in height that have a minimum 30m of drop.

The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams, with the 1^st edition of the list having been published by Europeaklist in December 2013 and by Haroldstreet in January 2014, with the 2^nd edition of the list due for publication by Mapping Mountains Publications in early 2018.

The hill is situated in the Welsh Borders and is placed in Region 38, Section 38A with its Cardinal Hill being the Stiperstones (SO 367 986). The hill is positioned above a number of minor lanes with the one to its south-west being a part of the Shropshire Way, and has the small communities of Stiperstones towards its north-west and Picklescott towards its east north-east.

Walker's Bank (SO 389 984)

This hill was not included in the listing that is now known as The Fours when originally compiled as it did not at that stage include a sub-list to the hills at and above 390m and below 400m in height. When this list was subsequently uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database and data then augmented from Clem Clements it appeared listed as; unnamed summit~. These data were then duplicated by Mark Jackson to form this height band within the Tumps and this hill is now listed as Gatten Hill within that list, presumably so as there are a number of buildings positioned near to this hill with the name Gatten applied to them on contemporary Ordnance Survey maps, such as Gatten Lodge, Far Gatten and Near Gatten Farm.

Although I am of firm belief that listed hill names used by other authors should be respected when giving detail within other people’s lists, the practice of inventing a hill name based on the proximity of buildings near to where it is situated is not a practice that I now advocate as with time and inclination place-name data can be improved either by asking local people or by examining historical documents, through this form of research an appropriate name for the hill can usually be found, and this hill now appears under the name of Walker’s Bank in The Fours due to research conducted by Aled William’s with local farmers.

Prior to the 1^st edition of The Fours being published by Europeaklist in December 2013 this hill was not included in this list, therefore although there is no change in this hill’s listed name within The Fours it is worth categorising under the heading of Significant Name Changes as the name this hill is now listed by comes from local enquiry.

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours is Walker’s Bank and this was derived from local enquiry.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Stiperstones

Name: Walker’s Bank

Previously Listed Name: Not previously listed in The Fours

Summit Height: 399.0m (converted to OSGM15)

OS 1:50,000 map: 137

Summit Grid Reference: SO 38905 98491

Drop: 43.6m (converted to OSGM15)

The Trimble GeoXH 6000 gathering data at the summit of Walker's Bank (SO 389 984)

For details on the survey of Walker’s Bank

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (February 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

The Cold Piece (SO 338 996) - 3rd significant name change

Survey post for The Cold Piece

Hill Reclassification post for The Cold Piece

There has been a Significant Name Change to a hill that is listed in the The Fours – The 400m Hills of England, with the summit height, col height and their locations, the drop and status of the hill derived from a Trimble GeoXH 6000 survey and subsequent LIDAR analysis conducted by Myrddyn Phillips.

The Cold Piece (SO 338 996)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills, with this hill now being included in the 390m Sub-Four category, the criteria for which are all English hills at or above 390m and below 400m in height that have 30m minimum drop. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams, with the 1^st edition of the booklet containing this list published by Europeaklist in December 2013 and by Haroldstreet in January 2014, with the 2^nd edition of this list due for publication by Mapping Mountains Publications in April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Stiperstones group of hills, which are situated in the county of Shropshire close to the Welsh border, and it is positioned with minor roads to its north-east and south, and the A488 road to its north-west, and has the small community of Snailbeach towards the north-east.

When the listing that is now known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled this hill appeared under the transposed and invented name of Shelve Hill, with an accompanying note stating; Named from village to the South, this was also the name it appeared as when the list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

Hill list authors are prone to list a hill by the name that appears nearest to its summit on contemporary Ordnance Survey maps, without much consideration for its local or historical confirmation, or whether map placement is appropriate, and in the case of Shelve Hill this name has been consistently applied by the Ordnance Survey to land south-west of the summit of this hill and approximately 1km from it. This is not a practice that I now advocate as with time and inclination place-name data can be improved either by asking local people or by examining historical documents, through this form of research an appropriate name for the hill can usually be found, and in the case of this hill it was research conducted by Aled Williams with a local farmer who gave the name of The Cold Piece for this hill. Consequently the hill was listed as The Cold Piece in the 1st edition of The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Historical map

Extract from the Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of England is The Cold Piece and this was derived from local enquiry.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Stiperstones

Name: The Cold Piece

Previously Listed Name: Shelve Hill

OS 1:50,000 map: 137

Summit Height: 399.5m (converted to OSGM15, Trimble GeoXH 6000)

Summit Grid Reference: SO 33849 99695 (Trimble GeoXH 6000)

Col Height: 341.8m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SO 34228 99099 (LIDAR)

Drop: 57.7m (Trimble GeoXH 6000 summit and LIDAR col)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (January 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Burway Hill (SO 440 942) - 2nd significant name change

Survey post for Burway Hill

Survey post for 2nd visit to Burway Hill

Survey post for 3rd visit to Burway Hill

There has been a Significant Name Change to a hill that is listed in the The Fours – The 400m Hills of England, with the summit height, col height and their locations, the drop and status of the hill derived from a Trimble GeoXH 6000 survey and subsequent LIDAR analysis conducted by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams.

Burway Hill (SO 440 942)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills, with this hill being included in the 400m Sub-Four category, the criteria for which are all English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 20m or more and below 30m of drop. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams, with the 1^st edition of the booklet containing this list published by Europeaklist in December 2013 and by Haroldstreet in January 2014, with the 2^nd edition of this list due for publication by Mapping Mountains Publications in April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Stiperstones group of hills, which are situated in the county of Shropshire close to the Welsh border, and it is positioned with a minor road to its immediate north and the B5477 road and A49 road to its south-east, and has the town of Church Stretton towards the east south-east.

When the listing that is now known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled this hill appeared under the transposed name of Devils Mouth, which is a prominent name that appears near the summit of this hill on the contemporary Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 Landranger and 1:25,000 Explorer map.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

During my early hill listing I paid little regard to name placement on a map, or the meaning of names and to what feature the name was appropriately applied to. Therefore I prioritised names for listing purposes that are now considered inappropriate or where another name is viewed as being more appropriate, and Devil’s Mouth is such an example as this name has been consistently applied by Ordnance Survey on maps that are viewed as being good for name placement such as the series of Six-Inch maps and the 1:25,000 Historical map, to land immediately above the Devilsmouth Hollow, which is a steep stream valley to the north-east of this hill, with the Devil’s Mouth the narrow neck of land where an ancient cross-dyke is situated with Burway Hill to the east of this point and the main Long Mynd plateau to the west. Consequently this hill was listed as Burway Hill in the 1st edition of The Fours when the list was published by Europeaklist in December 2013.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in The Fours - The 400m Hills of Wales is Burway Hill and this was derived from historical Ordnance Survey maps.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Stiperstones

Name: Burway Hill

Previously Listed Name: Devil’s Mouth

OS 1:50,000 map: 137

Summit Height: 402.8m (converted to OSGM15, Trimble GeoXH 6000)

Summit Grid Reference: SO 44061 94220 (Trimble GeoXH 6000)

Col Height: 372.9m (LIDAR)

Col Grid Reference: SO 43980 94263 (LIDAR)

Drop: 29.85m (Trimble GeoXH 6000 summit and LIDAR col)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (January 2018)

Mapping Mountains - Significant Name Changes - The Fours

Cowpe Moss (SD 834 193) - 1st significant name change

There has been a Significant Name Change to a hill that is listed in the The Fours – The 400m Hills of England, with the summit height, col height and their locations, the drop and status of the hill derived by a Leica 530 summit survey conducted by John Barnard, Graham Jackson and Myrddyn Phillips on the 8^th July 2009 and subsequent LIDAR col analysis conducted by Myrddyn Phillips.

Cowpe Moss (SD 834 193)

The criteria for the list that this name change applies to are:

The Fours – The 400m Hills of England. English hills at or above 400m and below 500m in height that have 30m minimum drop, accompanying the main list are three categories of sub hills; the 400m Sub-Four category, the 390m Sub-Four category and the 390m Double Sub-Four category. The list is co-authored by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams and the 2^nd edition of the booklet containing this list was subsequently published by Mapping Mountains Publications on the 24^th April 2018.

The Fours - The 400m Hills of England by Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams

The hill is adjoined to the Cowpe Moss group of hills, which are situated in the southern Pennines, and it is positioned with the A681 road to its north, the A680 road to its south-west and the A671 road to its east, and has the towns of Rawtenstall to its north-west and Bacup to its north-east.

When the listing that later became known as The Fours - The 400m Hills of England was originally compiled this hill appeared under the name of Cowpe Moss, the name was then given as Hailstorm Hill (Cowpe Moss) when this list was uploaded to the RHB Yahoo group file database. Subsequently the hill was listed as Hailstorm Hill in the 1st edition of The Fours published by Europeaklist in December 2013. With both of these names appearing on contemporary Ordnance Survey maps.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map

Since the original publication of this list there have been a number of maps made available online. Some of these are historic such as the series of Six-Inch maps on the National Library of Scotland website. Whilst others were digitally updated such as the Ordnance Survey Vector Map Local that was hosted on the Geograph website and which was entitled the Interactive Coverage Map, whilst others are current and digitally updated such as the interactive mapping on the Magic Maps and WalkLakes websites, and it is the series of Ordnance Survey Six-Inch maps that form the basis of the change in the listed name of this hill.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps

The Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps formed the base map Ordnance Survey used for many decades leading to the production of the 1:10,000 Series of maps, both have now been superseded by the digitised Master Map. The series of Six-Inch maps are excellent for name placement and especially so compared to the contemporary Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 Explorer map, and it is the series of Six-Inch maps that position the name of Cowpe Moss nearer the summit of this hill.

Therefore, the name this hill is now listed by in the The Fours – The 400m Hills of England is Cowpe Moss and this was derived from contemporary Ordnance Survey maps, with it being prioritised in favour of Hail Storm Hill via name placement on the Ordnance Survey series of Six-Inch maps.

The full details for the hill are:

Group: Cowpe Moss

Name: Cowpe Moss

Previously Listed Name: Hailstorm Hill

OS 1:50,000 map: 109

Summit Height: 476.7m (converted to OSGM15, Leica 530)

Summit Grid Reference: SD 83497 19346 (Leica 530)

Col Height: 228.8m (LIDAR)

Col Grid REference: SD 88463 27399 (LIDAR)

Drop: 247.9m (Leica 530 summit and LIDAR col)

Myrddyn Phillips and Aled Williams (January 2018)

Saturday 24 February 2018

Mapping Mountains – Significant Name Changes – The Fours - The 400m Hills of England

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